![]() For instance, in contrast to Boolean suitability aggregation that assumes a crisp boundary and certainty, WLC and OWA allow trade-offs between criteria by weighting the normalized criteria according to their relative importance (Jiang and Eastman, 2000 Hanssen et al. These two aggregation methods attempt to overcome the lack of sensitivity of traditional Boolean overlay techniques. The authors emphasize compensation methods, particularly weighted linear combination (WLC) and ordered weighted averaging (OWA), which is a generalization and extension of the WLC model. According to Malczewski and Rinner ( 2015), MCE has been used in a variety of applications for spatial decision analysis and management situations. The use of quantitative methods, such as multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), in land-use suitability procedures, allows for the effective use of heterogeneous data (Mosadeghi et al. Therefore, land suitability evaluation and land-use planning require large amounts of different data (quantitative and qualitative criteria) (Nguyen et al. The suitability of land for a particular land use varies greatly due to different biophysical qualities and characteristics. Assessing land suitability is a key strategy for promoting sustainable development in land-use planning (Ostovari et al. 2001 Bunruamkaew and Murayama 2012 Briassoulis 2019 Rossiter 1996). Land suitability assessment practices are considered as part of the solution for effective land-use allocation and land-use planning (Bocco et al. Spatial planning, including land-use development, is known as one policy focus area that plays an influential role in effective natural resource management (Yiannakou and Salata 2017). 2017), where increased economic growth and human activity have continuously impacted on land-use selection and determination (Chen 2014 Jafarian and Kavian 2013). In recent years, spatial planning and development have increasingly focused on environmental protection issues (Tortora et al. This approach and its application procedures can be applied to similar territorial contexts, where several territorial factors should be considered and taken into account. The approach described in this study can help developing countries and the sensitive area facing environmental challenges due to rapid development. The result can be considered as optimal suitability maps with an environmental preservation goal which can help to protect the natural environment of this area, and will also allow for continued economic development. The combination of WLC and OWA helped to manage selection factors differently, as their level of risk and trade-off is different. Considering the 7 land uses and a lot of defined criteria, MCE and MOLA provided an automatic and flexible way of dealing with qualitative multi-dimensional environmental effects, factors, constraints and objectives. The results derived from these techniques indicate that the rangeland zone with 30.80% and the ecotourism zone with 22.9% have the highest suitability potential, and aquaculture with 0.26% and tourism with 0.24% have the lowest potential in Qaleh Ganj. MOLA was also used for land-use zoning based on suitability. Weighted linear combination (WLC) and ordered weighted averaging (OWA) were used to assess the potential of seven land uses based on predefined criteria. This study showcases the value of using the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) and multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) GIS decision-making tools determine the most favorable spatial development of various land-use types, for Qaleh Ganj County in Iran. Land evaluation is a key factor in land-use spatial planning, affecting both success and sustainability. ![]()
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